Family of strangers by susan beth pfeffer. Pdf file is about family of strangers by susan beth pfeffer is available in several types of edition. This pdf document is presented in digital. On ultrasparc t2source, free sample letters recommendation letter career changerobert white4650 golden, www plaintiffmagazine comjune.

Contents • • • • • • • Background [ ] Pfeffer was born in New York City, the daughter of, a lawyer and professor, and his wife, Freda nee Plotkin. She began writing stories as a child.

She published her first book, Just Morgan, in 1970, when she was a senior. After college, she moved to, New York, where she still lives, and continued to write full-time. She has published more than 75 books. Pfeffer's books cover the range of children's literature from picture books to young-adult novels. They include biographies, like the Portraits of Little Women series for younger readers, and both historical and contemporary fiction. She also wrote a book for adults about how to write for children.

About David (1980) and The Year Without Michael (1987) are two of her books that have received critical notice. Pfeffer says that she enjoys writing about family dynamics. Pfeffer achieved wider notice with her 2006 book, a best seller. This became the first of her Moon Crash series. Pfeffer cites the film as inspiration for the Moon Crash series. [ ] Bibliography [ ]. • Just Morgan (1970) • Better Than All Right (1972) • Rainbows & Fireworks (1973) • The Beauty Queen (1974) • Whatever Words You Want to Hear (1974) • Marly the Kid (1975) • Kid Power (1977) • Starring Peter and Leigh (1979) • Awful Evelina (1979; picture book) • About David (1980) • Just Between Us (1980) • What Do You Do When Your Mouth Won't Open?

•, Encyclopedia.com, accessed June 21, 2014 • ^, Bookbrowse.com, July 2, 2011, accessed June 21, 2014 • ^, Inkweaver Review, April 27, 2009, accessed June 21, 2014 •, The Bookwars, November 4, 2013 Sources [ ] • Crossen, C. (2008, October 24). Weekend Journal; Adviser: Dear Booklover. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. Retrieved April 6, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global.

• Goodnow, C. (2008, December 18). 'Profits of Doom: Teen Readers are eating up Post-Apocalyptic Tales', Seattle Post - Intelligencer, p. Retrieved April 6, 2010, from Business Dateline • John, G.

'Scary New World', New York Times Book Review, p. 30. Retrieved via EBSCOhost database, 6 April 2010. • 'Must-Reads Blend Fright, Fun'. (2009, January 26). The Washington Post, p. Retrieved April 6, 2010, from Business Dateline. • Springen, K.

(2010, February). Apocalypse Now. Publishers Weekly, 257(7), 21. Retrieved April 6, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. • Woolingtons, Rebecca (2010, March 11). 'Book Wars Come to High School. The popular reading competition opens to older students.'

The Register - Guard, L.1. Retrieved April 6, 2010, from Business Dateline. • Young Adult Library Services Association..

American Library Association. Retrieved from web, 6 April 2010. • Young Adult Library Services Association.

American Library Association. Retrieved from web, 6 April 2010. External links [ ] • (up to 2000) • with Susan Beth Pfeffer at Scripts & Scribes.

• • • Children in the military may take one of three distinct roles: children can take direct part in hostilities as child soldiers; they can be used in support roles such as porters, spies, messengers, lookouts; or they can be used for political advantage as or in. Throughout history and in many cultures, children have been extensively involved in military campaigns even when such practices were against cultural morals. In, in Great Britain 250,000 boys under 18 managed to join the army.

In, child soldiers fought throughout Europe, in the, in the, and in the Soviet Army. Since the 1970s, a number of international conventions have come into effect that try to limit the participation of children in armed conflicts, nevertheless reports that the use of children in military forces, and the active participation of children in armed conflicts is widespread. According to one study, children have been used militarily across France and Africa.

Children are easy targets to recruit for military purposes because of their vulnerability to influence. Many are seized and recruited by force whereas others join to escape their circumstances. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (April 2017) () On surface, the logic behind using child soldiers seems puzzling. If an adult 21 year old is compared with a 13 year old child, the adult will normally possess superior strength, greater weight bearing capability, and will generally have more sound judgment and reasoning abilities than that of a child. In situations of rural insurgencies and sustained conflict (where physical mobility over large distances and the extensive use and movement of ammunition is required) adults would fare better than children or adolescents.

Yet despite these apparent difficulties, some armed groups show a systematic preference towards actively recruiting children. Academia has offered various explanations for this puzzle from the global proliferation of light automatic weapons (which children can easily handle), to overpopulation which makes children a cheap and accessible resource. Others [ ] claim that children are more willing than adults to fight for non monetary incentives such as honor, prestige, revenge and duty while some [ ] say that children are generally more obedient and malleable, hence easy to control, deceive and indoctrinate.

In addition, some accounts from leaders of armed groups, claim that children are as effective recruits as adults citing their apparent bravery, agility and stamina. Beber & Blattman (2013) add to literature of child soldiers, by adapting theories of industrial organization to rebellious groups. As a vulnerable group, children make easy targets which with low cost of war crimes, incentivizes their recruitment.

With rampant poverty and negligible opportunities and resources, war crimes then become a rational choice. Beber & Blattman argue that raising the cost of war crimes can have a significant impact and: “foreign governments, international organizations, diasporas, and local populations can discourage child recruitment by withholding resources or punishing offenders”. Additionally they argue that here, children’s reservation utilities are crucial and that introducing real alternatives in the form of economic and educational opportunities, can help make recruitment difficult. International law [ ] In 1989, the United Nations, Article 38, proclaimed: 'State parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of 15 years do not take a direct part in hostilities.' However, children who are over the age of 15 but under the age of 18 are still voluntarily able to take part in combat as soldiers.

The to the Convention that came into force in 2002 stipulates that its State Parties – 'shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons below the age of 18 do not take a direct part in hostilities and that they are not compulsorily recruited into their armed forces'. The Optional Protocol further obligates states to 'take all feasible measures to prevent such recruitment and use, including the adoption of legal measures necessary to prohibit and criminalize such practices.' (Art 4, Optional Protocol.) Likewise, under the Optional Protocol states are required to demobilize children within their jurisdiction who have been recruited or used in hostilities, and to provide assistance for their physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration. (Art 6(3) Optional Protocol.) Under war, civil unrest, armed conflict and other emergency situations, children and youths are also offered protection under the United Nations. Under Article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the of the (ICC), adopted in July 1998 and entered into force 1 July 2002; 'Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into the national armed forces or using them to participate actively in hostilities' is a.

United Nations [ ] The convenes regularly to debate, receive reports, and pass under the heading 'Children in armed conflict'. The most recent meeting was on 17 July 2008. The first resolution on the issue,, was passed in 1999 (it did not contain references to any earlier resolutions). In a resolution in 2005 the Security Council requested that the action plan for establishing a monitoring, reporting and compliance mechanism produced by the Secretary-General be implemented without delay.

In 2011, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon raised the issue of children in conflict areas, who are under threat, and involved in violent activities according to the ' report. In 2014, more than 17 cases were covered about children in armed conflict. Many children in different countries are involved in such illegal conflicts.

These children are detained with no real evidence, or in massive sweeps. Some of them are captured with their families, or by the activity of one of their family members. Lawyers and relatives are banded to the court. They can be detained without sufficient food, medical care, or under other inhumane conditions. Some of these children live with physical and sexual torture.

International humanitarian law [ ] According to Article 77.2 of the Additional to the of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, adopted in 1977: The Parties to the conflict shall take all feasible measures in order that children who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities and, in particular, they shall refrain from recruiting them into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, the Parties to the conflict shall endeavour to give priority to those who are oldest. As the ICRC commentary on Protocol it makes clear, this is not a complete ban on the use of children in conflict. The ICRC had suggested that the Parties to the conflict should 'take all necessary measures', which became in the final text, 'take all feasible measures' which is not a total prohibition on their doing so because feasible should be understood as meaning 'capable of being done, accomplished or carried out, possible or practicable'. Refraining from recruiting children under fifteen does not exclude children who volunteer for armed service. During the negotiations over the clause 'take a part in hostilities' the word 'direct' was added to it, this opens up the possibility that child volunteers could be involved indirectly in hostilities, gathering and transmitting military information, helping in the transportation of arms and munitions, provision of supplies etc. Article 4.3.c of, additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, adopted in 1977, states 'children who have not attained the age of fifteen years shall neither be recruited in the armed forces or groups nor allowed to take part in hostilities'.

Under the, which was adopted and signed in 2002, National armed forces can accept volunteers into their armed forces below the age of 18, but 'States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities'. Non-state actors and guerrilla forces are forbidden from recruiting anyone under the age of 18 for any purpose. International labor law [ ] Forced or compulsory recruitment of anyone under the age of 18 for use in armed conflict, is one of the, deemed a form of, in terms of the 's, adopted in 1999. In terms of the ratifying countries should ensure that forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict is a criminal offence, and also provide for other criminal, civil or administrative remedies to ensure the effective enforcement of such national legislation III(12) to (14).

War crimes [ ] Opinion is currently divided over whether children should be prosecuted for committing war crimes. International law does not prohibit the prosecution of children who commit war crimes, but the article 37 of the does limit the punishment that a child can receive including 'Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age.' Many child soldiers fought in the. In its wake, the UN sanctioned the (SCSL) to try the participants for war crimes and other breaches of humanitarian law. The statute of the SCSL gave the court jurisdiction over persons aged 15 and older, however the state that children who participated in armed conflict. Who are accused of crimes under international law allegedly committed while they were associated with armed forces or armed groups should be considered primarily as victims of offences against international law; not only as perpetrators. They must be treated in accordance with international law in a framework of restorative justice and social rehabilitation, consistent with international law which offers children special protection through numerous agreements and principles.

And this was reflected in the wording of article 7 of the SCSL statute which did not rule out prosecution but emphasised rehabilitation and society's reintegration. The first Chief Prosecutor of the Sierra Leone tribunal, chose to interpret the statute so that the tribunal's policy was to prosecute those who recruited the children rather than the children themselves no matter how heinous the crimes they had committed. In the United States, prosecutors take a different view from David Crane and have repeatedly stated that they intend to try, on several serious charges including murder, for offences they allege he committed in while fighting for the against while he was under sixteen years old. If found guilty under US law such a crime carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. On 25 October 2010, under torture and duress Khadr pleaded guilty to murder in violation of the laws of war, attempted murder in violation of the laws of war, conspiracy, two counts of providing material support for terrorism and spying.

This was agreed as part of a plea bargain, which would see Khadr deported to Canada after one year to serve the remaining seven years there. In a letter to the U.S.

Military commission at Guantanamo after the plea of guilty had been heard but before the announcement of sentence, Radhika Coomaraswamy, the UN secretary-general's special representative for children and armed conflict, wrote that Khadr represents the 'classic child soldier narrative: recruited by unscrupulous groups to undertake actions at the bidding of adults to fight battles they barely understand', and suggested that Khadr to be released into a rehabilitation program. Omar Khadr remained in Guantanamo Bay and the Canadian government continued to face international criticism for their stonewalling of his repatriation. Khadr was transferred to the Canadian prison system in September 2012, and was freed on bail by a judge in the province of Alberta in May 2015. He is appealing his American conviction as a war criminal.

In March 2012 was convicted by the International Criminal Court for military use of children. Nations and groups involved in military use of children [ ]. 'Child Soldier in the ',, 2007.

Of the estimated in January 2003 that child soldiers participate in about three quarters of all the ongoing conflicts in the world. According to the website of as of July 2007: “ In over twenty countries around the world, children are direct participants in war.

Denied a childhood and often subjected to horrific violence, an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 children are serving as soldiers for both rebel groups and government forces in current armed conflicts. ” Under the terms of Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, children over the age of fifteen who have volunteered can be used as spotters, observers, and message-carriers (see above ). The (UNOCHA) has stated that most children serving as soldiers are over fifteen, although many exist at far younger ages. Main article: Thousands of children serve in the, as well as the various rebel militias.

At the height of the, it has been estimated that more than 30,000 children were fighting with various parties to the conflict. It was claimed that the recruited this number in the film. Currently, the Democratic Republic of Congo has one of the highest rates of child soldiers all over the world. The international court has taken part on the judgment of these practices during the war. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, one of the warlords in the DRC has been charged with 14 years in prison because of the recruiting of child soldiers between 2002 and 2003. Lubanga directed the and its armed wing.

The children were forced to fight in the armed conflict of, located on the north-east of the country, a place with a high amount of mineral resources. This trial is the first of this kind and could set precedent legislation against these violations of human rights. [ ] Liberia [ ] All sides in the second Liberian civil war made use of child soldiers as a means of increasing their strengths.. Rwanda [ ] In 2002, child soldiers were used by Rwandan government forces and paramilitaries, operating within the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sierra Leone [ ] In Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism anthropologist discusses the murders, rapes, tortures, and the thousands of amputations committed by the of the (RUF) during (1991–2001.) Another book describing the civil war is. It describes the civil war from the view of Ishmael when he was forced to be a soldier.

In popular culture, movies like are set at the backdrop of the Civil War in Sierra Leone. Somalia [ ] A report published by the in 2004 estimated that since 1991, 200,000 children carried arms or had been recruited in the country's militias against their will.

As of 2012, there have been no reported children under the age of 16 in Somalia actively in the military, as the states that such practices are illegal. South Africa [ ] During the (1899–1902) children were used both as scouts and as despatch carriers by the British to move through the lines of Boer fighters besieging the town of. This gave rise to the establishment of the Scout movement by, a lieutenant general in the British Army, in 1907. [ ] Sudan [ ]. A child soldier of the (2007). 'In March 2004, there were an estimated 17,000 children in, allied militias and opposition armed groups in the north, east and south.

Between 2,500 and 5,000 children served in the armed opposition group, the (SPLA), in the south. Despite a widely publicized child demobilization program, in which it claimed to have demobilized over 16,000 children between 2001 and 2004, the SPLA continued to recruit and re-recruit child soldiers.' In 2003 it was reported that armed groups were active in government armed forces, Janjaweed militias, and opposition groups.

Former child soldiers were sentenced to death for crimes committed while they were soldiers. Uganda [ ] Over the past twenty years, the rebel has abducted more than 30,000 boys and girls as soldiers. Attacks against Uganda's people have resulted in severe trauma to civilians from extreme violence and abduction. Girls are often forced to be sex slaves.

The has recruited small numbers of children into its forces as young as 13, including Local Defense Units. [ ] On 22 April 2004, was put in place by the Security Council.

Nicola Ansell, author of 'Children, Youth and Development', explains that each child is affected in different ways, often worse than what adults experience. Traditionally societies have aimed to protect the child in war.

In Uganda, the Acholi people would avoid attacking children in order to facilitate post-conflict reconciliation. Zimbabwe [ ] The government of sponsors a 'youth militia'—the, members aged between 10–30 are known as the 'Green Bombers'.

[ ] Americas [ ] Bolivia [ ] The government of Bolivia has acknowledged that children as young as 14 may have been forcibly conscripted into the armed forces during recruitment sweeps. About 40% of the Bolivian army is believed to be under the age of 18, with half of those below the age of 16. Canada [ ] In Canada, people may join the reserve component of the at age 16 with parental permission, and the regular component at 17 years of age, also with parental permission. They may not volunteer for a tour of duty until reaching age 18.

Colombia [ ] In 2005, an estimated 11,000 children were involved with left-wing guerrillas or right-wing paramilitaries in according to Human Rights Watch and '[a]pproximately 80 percent of child combatants in Colombia belong to one of the two left-wing guerrilla groups, the. The remainder fights in paramilitary ranks.' According to, the attack upon the hydroelectric facility in 1998 had allegedly involved militants as young as 8 years old and a 2001 training video depicted boys as young as 11 working with missiles. The group has also taken in children from, Panama, and. In 1998, a Human Rights Watch press release indicated that 30 percent of some guerrilla units were made up of children and up to 85 percent of some of the militias, which are considered to serve as a 'training ground for future guerrilla fighters.' In the same press release, Human Rights Watch also estimated that some of the government-linked paramilitary units contained up to 50 percent children, including some as young as 8 years old.

In 2008, the Child Soldiers International reported that the Colombian government's security forces did not officially recruit children. The legal age for both compulsory and voluntary recruitment has been set at 18. However, students were allowed to enroll as cadets in military secondary schools and 16- or 17-year-olds could enter air force or national army training programs, respectively. In addition, captured enemy child combatants were employed by the Colombian military for intelligence gathering purposes in potential violation of legal prohibitions. Cuba [ ] In Cuba, compulsory military service for both boys and girls starts at age 17; male teenagers are allowed to join the prior to their compulsory service. El Salvador [ ].

Rebel Salvadoran soldier boy combatant in Perquin, El Salvador 1990, during the. During the Salvadoran Civil War, both the military and the guerillas recruited and kidnapped children and trained them to be child soldiers.

The crimes make El Salvador the second Latin American country proven to engage in such child abductions during internal Cold War-era conflicts. No one has revealed the full scope of the child abductions in El Salvador. Terapia Doktora Gersona Ebook3000.

The number of confirmed abductions will likely rise if the country's Defense Department makes public files from the civil war saga era. These former Salvadoran child soldiers were the principal founders of the that formed in, which today torment the isthmus and most of the continent. Their ages ranged from 12 to 15.

Haiti [ ] In Haiti an unknown number of children participate in various loosely organized armed groups that are engaged in political violence. United States [ ] In the United States 17-year-olds may join the, but may not be stationed outside the continental US or deployed in combat situations. The United States military is based on voluntary recruitment, though minors also must have parental permission to enlist (or permission from a legal guardian in the absence of parents) unless emancipated as adults in which case no consent other than the individual wishing to enlist is required. Males under eighteen years of age are not draft eligible, and females are not eligible for conscription at any age.

The United States military requires all service members to possess a high school diploma or equivalent prior to attending initial entry training; this requirement may be waived for young service members for up to 180 days from the date of enlistment (with the agreement that the child obtains a high school diploma or equivalent within 180 days) during wartime. [ ] In 2004 the Director of Military Personnel Policy for the US Army acknowledged in a letter to Human Rights Watch that nearly sixty 17-year-old US soldiers had been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in 2003 and 2004. The Department of Defense subsequently stated that 'the situations were immediately rectified and action taken to prevent recurrence'.

On 3 October 2008, President signed the (CSPA) into law. The law criminalizes leading a military force which recruits child soldiers. The law's definition of child soldiers includes 'any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a member of governmental armed forces.' President announced he was waiving the Child Soldiers Protection Act ban on aid to nations that use child soldiers. Asia and Oceania [ ]. Photos of young fighters In 2004, the (CSUCS) reported that in Asia thousands of children are involved in fighting forces in active conflict and ceasefire situations in Afghanistan, Burma, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Nepal and Sri Lanka, although government refusal of access to conflict zones has made it impossible to document the numbers involved.

In 2004, Burma was unique in the region as the only country where government armed forces forcibly recruit and use children between the ages of 12 and 16., twin brothers who jointly led the guerrilla group, were estimated to have been around ten years old when they began leading the group in 1997. [ ] Australia [ ] The allows personnel to enlist with parental consent from the age of 17. However, personnel under the age of 18 cannot be deployed overseas or used in direct combat except in extreme circumstances where it is not possible to evacuate them. Afghanistan [ ] Militias recruited thousands of child soldiers during the during three decades.

Many would still be fighting now, for the Taliban. Some of those taken from Islamic religious schools, or, are used as and gunmen. A propaganda video of boys marching in camouflage uniform and using slogans of was issued in 2009 by the Afghan Taliban's leadership in, the, including a eulogy to a 14-year-old Taliban fighter who allegedly killed an American soldier.

Bahrain [ ], trainees and technical personnel can enlist in the from the age of 15. Burma/Myanmar [ ] has asserted that the government has stated that all of its soldiers volunteered and that all of those accepted are 18 or over. According to Human Rights Watch, as many as 70,000 boys serve in Burma/Myanmar's national army, the, with children as young as 11 forcibly recruited off the streets., the group reported, leads to punishment by three to five years in prison or even execution in some cases. The group has also stated that about 5,000–7,000 children serve with a range of different armed ethnic opposition groups, most notably in the. Secretary General released a report in June 2009 mentioning 'grave violations' against children in the country by both the rebels and the government. The administration announced on 4 August that they would send a team into Burma/Myanmar to press for more action.

An child soldier after the Iranian law prohibits the recruitment of those under 16, basing itself on the traditions about war. During the, children had been drafted to the voluntary army of. While never proven, Iranian government has been accused of using children in battles.

According to critics of Iranian government, 'children were sent to the front as waves of human shields'. Claimed that Iranians 'lost maybe a million and a half of their kids that way', while also clearing and taking machine gun fire (however, the total number of all Iranian casualties is estimated by independent sources to be about 200,000–600,000). They [ ] have reported that the state conscripts for the regular army at age 19 while accepting volunteers at age 16, and those at 17 can work for the police. There were Iranian children who left school and participated in the Iran–Iraq War without the knowledge of their parents, including one. One source estimates 3% of the 's casualties were under the age of 14. Iraq [ ] 's maintained ' of civilian youths between the ages of 12 and 17 that involved training and political indoctrination according to the CSUCS.

Sources and the reported that children who refused faced punishment. As well, the state incorporated children as young as ten into the and and then subjected them to military training, sometimes for 14 hours a day. Singer has compared the groups to the. In the, 12-year-old boys fought for the Iraqi side with.

Children also participated in the. Fought children at,, and in the. A January 2009 UN report on the stated that the has used children as combatants. The report noted, for example, a attack by a boy between 10 and 13 years old against Kirkuk's police commander. Called the findings 'disturbing'. Have been forced to take child insurgents as captives, which has led to a moral dilemma. Has shipped many of them into.

Kurdistan [ ] In 2001, the CSUCS claimed the (PKK) had systemically recruited children. The CSUCS had referred to one report, where was claimed that the PKK had formed a specially for this purpose, called Tabura Zaroken Sehit Agit. It was claimed that the PKK had 3,000 child soldiers in 1998. The (PUK) had also recruited children according to the CSUCS. Lebanon [ ] Many different sides in the used child soldiers.

The practice essentially ended after the peace from 1990 onwards, but factions have made allegations against each other about it since then. A May 2008 CSUCS report stated that trains children for military services. In April 2009, UN Secretary General accused several factions of the practice. However, a Human Rights Watch representative told that they have not documented any systemic military use of children by anyone. Nepal [ ] An estimated 6,000–9,000 children serve in the forces. Although a is in place, the Maoists have not yet demobilized children from their ranks. The Philippines [ ] Children are recruited by rebel forces, including the,, and the.

An estimated 13 percent of the 10,000 soldiers in the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) are children. Child recruitment is also reported by some paramilitary forces linked to the government. There is a United Nations Security Council Report in 23 April 2010 that says that the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), New People's Army (NPA), and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) are among the groups around the world that have subjected minors to the most brutal violence, such as killings, maimings, rapes and other sexual assaults. [ ] Singapore [ ] A mandatory (NS) requires all male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents who have reached the age of 18 to enroll in the military. They serve a two-year or one-year-ten-month period as Full Time National Servicemen (NSFs), either in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Singapore Police Force (SPF), or the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF).

Pre-enlistees are subjected to exit control measures policy of limiting the passport validity of boys aged 11 and above, up to their enlistment. To travel, the boys had to apply to extend for 9 months extensions of the validity of their passports. This policy is, however, done away with recently due to the limitation of the new biometric passport. Exit permits are still required for overseas trips which last longer than three months. The stated objective of such exit control measures is to deter NS-evasion, and to act as a 'psychological reminder' of the NS obligations.

[ ] Sri Lanka [ ]. Main article: In Sri Lanka, thousands of children were believed to be in the ranks of the (LTTE), a rebel group banned as a terrorist organization by a number of countries. Since signing a ceasefire agreement in 2001, the latest available figures show that the LTTE has abducted 5,666 children until July 2006, although the organization speculates that only about a third of such cases are reported to them. Sri Lankan soldiers nicknamed one unit the Baby Battalion, due to the number of children in it. In response to widespread international condemnation of alleged children recruitment practices, the LTTE informed that they have made (taking effect in Oct. 2006) child recruitment illegal for its groups. After the end of the Sri Lankan Civil war child soldiers are being rehabilitated by the government with aid from UN and International groups.

More recently, the group known as the, which is apparently a group from the LTTE, has been held responsible for the abduction of children according to and Human Rights Watch. Symbolic Syrian boy soldiers, fans of During the ongoing, children have joined the opposition against. In 2012, the UN received allegations of rebels using child soldiers, but said they were unable to verify these. In June 2014, a United Nations report said that the opposition had recruited children in military and support roles; while there seemed to be no policy of doing so, the report said, there were no age verification procedures. Reported in 2014 that rebel factions have been using children in support and combatant roles, ranging treating the wounded on battlefields, ferrying ammunition and other supplies to frontlines while fighting raged, to acting as snipers. Kurdish forces have also been accused of using this tactic: in 2015, claimed that 59 children, 10 of them under 15 years old, were recruited by or volunteered for the YPG or YPJ since July 2014 when the Kurdish militia leaders signed a Deed of Commitment with the Geneva Call. President Assad passed a law in 2013 prohibiting the use of child soldiers (anyone under 18), the breaking of which is punishable by 10–20 years of 'penal labor'.

However, whether or not the law is strictly enforced has not been confirmed, and there have been allegations of children being recruited to fight for the Syrian government against rebel forces. Israel and the Palestinian Territories [ ]. Main article: Jihad Shomaly, in a report entitled Use of Children in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, published in 2004 for the Defence for Children International/Palestine Section, concludes the report by stating that a handful of children perceive martyrdom a way to strike a blow against those they hold responsible for their hopeless situation, and that they have been recruited by paramilitary groups to carry out armed attacks. However, Shomaly goes onto state that there is no systematic recruitment and that senior representatives of the groups and the Palestinian community are against the recruitment of children as a political strategy, although in Shomaly's opinion the political leadership of the Palestinians could do more to discourage the use of children by paramilitaries by requesting that the leadership of the paramilitaries sign a memorandum forbidding the training and recruitment of children. Hamas, the Palestinian organisation governing the Gaza strip, has been known to induce controversial ideologies upon child soldiers such as inciting violence against Israeli occupation forces within their controlled territory.

William O'Brien, a professor of, wrote about active participation of Palestinian children in the: 'It appears that a substantial number, if not the majority, of troops of the intifada are young people, including elementary schoolchildren. They are engaged in throwing stones and and other forms of violence.'

Arab journalist Huda Al-Hussein wrote in a London Arab newspaper on 27 October 2000: 'While UN organizations save child-soldiers, especially in Africa, from the control of militia leaders who hurl them into the furnace of gang-fighting, some Palestinian leaders consciously issue orders with the purpose of ending their childhood, even if it means their last breath.' In 2002, the Child Soldiers International said 'while there are reports of children participating in hostilities, there is no evidence of systematic recruitment by armed groups [in the Occupied Territories]', with less than 1% of Palestinian adolescents having played an active role in clashes with Israeli troops.

According to the CSUCS 2004 Global Report on the Use of Child Soldiers, there were at least nine documented between October 2000 and March 2004: but also stated, 'There was no evidence of systematic recruitment of children by Palestinian armed groups. However, children are used as messengers and couriers, and in some cases as fighters and in attacks on and civilians. All the main political groups involve children in this way, including,,, and the.' In May 2008, a CSUCS report highlighted and for having 'used children in military attacks and training' in its Iranian section.

On 23 May 2005, reiterated its calls to Palestinian armed groups to put an immediate end to the use of children in armed activities: 'Palestinian armed groups must not use children under any circumstances to carry out armed attacks or to transport weapons or other material.' In October 2010 an Israeli military tribunal convicted two soldiers of using an 11-year-old Palestinian child as a human shield during, by forcing him to search bags in his house for explosive devices.

Mandatory Palestine [ ] Historically, In Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism anthropologist David M. Rosen discusses the creation of troops of boys aged twelve and up, modelled on the, and armed by the Arab Nazi party in Palestine and that carried out military attacks as part of the. Grew up in this era and later claimed to be both a child soldier and an organizer of other youth, emerging as a militant political leader by age ten. However, there are few reliable historical records supporting this.

Yemen [ ] U.N. Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict stated in January 2010 that 'large numbers' of teenage boys are being recruited in tribal Yemeni fighting. NGO activist Abdul-Rahman al-Marwani has estimated that as many as 500–600 children are either killed or wounded through tribal combat every year in Yemen.

The brave Righetto (1851). Replica of the statue in the lobby of the grand staircase in.

It portrays a 12 year old child who died with his dog in 1849 while trying to stop a bomb during the defense of the in 1849. Chechnya [ ] According to the UN report, the forces included a large number of children, some as young as 11 and both male and female, during the: 'Child soldiers in Chechnya were reportedly assigned the same tasks as adult combatants, and served on the front lines soon after joining the armed forces.'

In 2004 the Child Soldiers International reported that in Chechnya, under-18s are believed to be involved in a range of armed groups in the war against, although the numbers are impossible to establish given a virtual ban on media and human rights organizations from operating in the region. Some children allegedly took part in suicide bombings. Greece [ ] Greece allows for the wartime recruitment of teenagers aged 17, if their 18th birthday falls within the same calendar year. Norway [ ] Norway allows for the wartime recruitment of teenagers aged 18. Poland [ ] During the Warsaw Uprising children as young as 12 were participants of the conflict. United Kingdom [ ] The minimum age to join the is 15 and 7 months; parental permission is required for those under the age of 18.

Approximately one fifth of new recruits are 16 or 17 years of age. The UK adopted the 'Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the involvement of children in armed conflict' on 24 June 2003. The Convention calls on ratifying governments to do everything feasible to ensure that members of their armed forces who are under 18 years of age do not take part in hostilities, however between June 2003 and July 2005, the British government inadvertently sent fifteen 17-year-old soldiers to Iraq, explaining the mistake as due to 'the pressures on units prior to deployment'. Ukraine [ ] During the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine, 41 individual cases of recruitment of children into armed formations where it was possible to identify the persons who were recruited and determine more or less accurately their age, forms of recruitment, functions held within the formation, as well as identify the persons who did the recruiting.

Out of those, 37 concern the participation of children in armed formations on the territory not controlled by Ukraine and 4 on the territory controlled by Ukraine. Moreover, 31 cases were registered where the amount of data is insufficient to identify the child, but there are all grounds for claiming that the recruitment of children into armed formations had taken place. In total, the situations described above indicate the trends and the scale of the problem and, obviously, require a thorough investigation. In the documented cases of recruitment of children into armed formations on the territory controlled by Ukraine most cases (57%) concerned people aged 16–17 and 35% concerned children aged under 15.

In 8% of cases the age of children was not determined. Among the children there were 33 boys and 4 girls. Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina [ ] From 1992 to 1995, militias fighting in and used children as young as ten, as did the regular armies.

Movement to stop military use of children [ ]. 2008 poster by Rafaela Tasca and on 12 February is an annual commemoration day to draw public attention to the practice of using children as soldiers in wars and armed conflicts. Recently, a strong international movement has emerged to put an end to the practice. Numerous International NGOs are involved in both direct and indirect support to stop the military use of children as well as helping them to resettle in safe environment. CHILD SOLDIERS INTERNATIONAL, formerly known as the Coalition to Stop the Use of Children Soldiers, is one of the most prominent International organization working to cease the military use of Children. Its core strategies are the following: 1. Reducing and ending violations by non-state armed groups 2.

Increasing local and national capacity to end the military recruitment and use of children 3. Promoting a global ‘Straight 18’ ban on child recruitment 4. Addressing neglected and emerging challenges to the safeguarding of children from military exploitation History [ ] 1800s and earlier [ ]. A on a Union vessel,. Throughout history and in many cultures, children have been extensively involved in military campaigns. The earliest mentions of minors being involved in wars come from antiquity.

It was customary for youths in the basin to serve as aides, charioteers and armor bearers to adult warriors. Examples of this practice can be found in the Bible (such as 's service to King ), in and art, and in (such as the story of and ), philosophy and literature.

Also in a practice dating back to antiquity, children were routinely taken on campaign, together with the rest of a military man's family, as part of the. The also made use of youths in war, though it was understood that it was unwise and cruel to use children in war, and implies that regulations required youths to be at least sixteen years of age. In Europe, young boys from about twelve years of age were used as military aides ('), though in theory their role in actual combat was limited. The so-called in 1212 recruited thousands of children as untrained soldiers under the assumption that divine power would enable them to conquer the enemy, although none of the children actually entered combat; according to the legend, they were instead sold into.

While most scholars no longer believe that the Children's Crusade consisted solely, or even mostly, of children, it nonetheless exemplifies an era in which the entire family took part in a war effort. Young boys often took part in battles during. When Napoleon was faced with invasion by a massive Allied force in 1814, he conscripted many teenagers for his armies. Orphans of the Imperial Guard fought in the Netherlands with Marshal MacDonald and were between the ages of 14 and 17. Many of the conscripts who reported to the ranks in 1814 were referred to as Marie Louises after the Empress Marie Louise of France (they were also known as 'The Infants of the Emperor'). These soldiers were in their mid-teens and performed heroic acts under the personal direction of Napoleon, but could not stem the tide of the Allied advance. One of their more visible roles was as the ubiquitous ' – the film (based on the ) depicts French drummer boys leading Napoleon's initial attack, only to be gunned down by Allied soldiers.

During the, young boys formed part of the crew of British ships and were responsible for many important tasks including bringing powder and shot from the to the gun crews. These children were called 'powder monkeys'. A young boy, Bugler John Cook, served in the U.S. Army at the age of 15 and received the Medal of Honor for his acts during the Civil War, the bloodiest day in American history.

Several other minors, including 11-year-old have also received the Medal of Honor. By a law signed by in 1827, a disproportionate number of Jewish boys, known as the, were forced into military training establishments to serve in the army. The 25-year term officially commenced at the age of 18, but boys as young as eight were routinely taken to fulfill the hard quota. [ ] In the final stages of the, children fought in the against the Allied forces of, and. The day is remembered as a national holiday in Paraguay. During the, the pro-, formed the Byakkotai ( 白虎隊, lit.

' Force'), which is unit made up of young, 16- to 17-year-old sons of Aizu samurai. Along with the Genbutai ( 玄武隊, ' Force'), Seiryūtai ( 青竜隊, ' Force'), and Suzakutai ( 朱雀隊, ' Force'), the unit was supposed to be a reserve unit. Blair Witch 2 Rapidshare Library.

During the and they fought the forces who supported the Imperial cause. During the battle, a detached unit of Byakottai was cut off from the rest of the unit and retreated at Iimori Hill, which overlooked. From there, they saw what they thought was the castle on fire. 20 of the detached unit committed while. He was saved by a local peasant.

World War I [ ]. Main article: In the most notorious case, the Khmer Rouge group exploited thousands of desensitized conscripted children to commit mass murders and other inhuman acts during the genocide. The child soldiers were taught to follow any order without hesitation. Sierra Leone [ ] Thousands of children were recruited and used by all sides during Sierra Leone’s conflict (1991–2002), including the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), the (AFRC), and the pro-government (CDF). Children were often forcibly recruited, given drugs and used to commit atrocities. Thousands of girls were also recruited as soldiers and often subjected to sexual exploitation.

Many of the children were survivors of village attacks, while others were found abandoned. They were used for patrol purposes, attacking villages, and guarding workers in the diamond fields. In his book, Ishmael Beah chronicles his life during the conflict in Sierra Leone.

In June 2007, the Special Court for Sierra Leone found three accused men from the rebel Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other serious violations of international humanitarian law, including the recruitment of children under the age of 15 years into the armed forces. With this, the Special Court became the first-ever UN backed tribunal to deliver a guilty verdict for the military conscription of children.

The issue is also discussed thoroughly in the episode, '. Uganda [ ] Originally created to protect Northern Ugandans from the 1986 military coup by the People's, Joseph Kony began the LRA – in 1987. Stating that he 'received messages from God' Kony began attacking his own people – the – to establish a new theocratic government in Uganda based on the principles of the 'Ten Commandments of God.' This attempt by the LRA to gain control of the Ugandan government via roaming armies has used boy as well as girl-children as soldiers, such as. The LRA expansion into, Central African Republic and the DRC – has armies with children active in efforts to destabilize the regions by the displacement of civilians through abduction and extreme violence.

A 21 October 2008 appeal by the UN Security Council, was made asking for the LRA to cease all military actions humanitarian violations in the DRC immediately. On 14 June 2002 Uganda deposited its instrument of ratification of the, and on 16 December 2003 the Government of Uganda referred the situation concerning Northern Uganda to the Prosecutor of the (ICC). The ICC investigated the situation, and on 14 October 2005, issued indictments against leader, and four other commanders, (Vincent Otti, Raska Lukwiya (indictment terminated, deceased), Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen) for war crimes.

The warrant for Kony, Otti and Odhiambo includes the alleged crime of forced enlisting of children (Rome Statute Art. 8(2) (e)(vii)). The National Resistance Army also made use of child soldiers.

Reintegration of child soldiers [ ]. This section contains. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help either by rewriting the how-to content or by it to,.

Statue of (The Little Insurgent) in commemorates all child soldiers of World War II and earlier conflicts. Honour guard of. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Further reading [ ] • Vautravers, A. Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4), 96–107. Doi:10.1093/rsq/hdp002 • Humphreys, Jessica Dee (2015). Child Soldier: When Boys and Girls Are Used in War.

Toronto: Kids Can Press • International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) & The Global Center on Cooperative Security (September 2017). 'Correcting the Course: Juvenile Justice Principles for Children Convicted of Violent Extremism Offenses', ICCT & GCCS, 1-12. References [ ].