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Abstract: The development of far-UV astronomy has been particularly important for the study of hot white dwarf stars. A significant fraction of their emergent flux appears in the far-UV and traces of elements heavier than hydrogen or helium are, in general, only detected in this waveband or at shorter wavelengths that are also. Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar, Atlantic white cypress, southern white cedar, whitecedar, or false-cypress), a species of Cupressaceae, is native to the.

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() Kingdom: Division: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: C. thyoides Chamaecyparis thyoides () Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Natural range of Chamaecyparis thyoides Chamaecyparis thyoides ( Atlantic white cedar, Atlantic white cypress, southern white cedar, whitecedar, or false-cypress), a species of, is native to the of and is found from southern to and along the coast from to. It is one of two species of found in North America.

Thyoides resides on the and can be found on the. There are two geographically isolated, treated by some botanists as distinct species, by others at just rank: Chamaecyparis thyoides thyoides and Chamaecyparis thyoides henryae (H.L.Li) E.Murray (syn. Chamaecyparis thyoides subsp. Henryae (H.L.Li) Little; Chamaecyparis henryae H.L.Li) The species grows in forested where they tend to dominate the.

The trees are associated with a wide variety of other wetland species because of their wide north-south range. The remaining populations are now found mostly in remote locations that would be difficult to harvest, so its popularity as a source of has decreased. Contents • • • • • • • • Distribution and Habitat [ ] Chamaecyparis thyoides grows within 20 and 100 m of the coastline and less than 50 m above sea level along much of the and. Rare populations grow in the foothills of the, where the tree may be found up to 460 m above sea level. Nationally, Atlantic white cedar are protected in the,,,,,, and. Altered, logging, and draining of wetlands outside of the few protected areas have all contributed to the general decrease in the size and occurrences of Atlantic white cedar strands.

The tree is listed as in Georgia and, of Special Concern in Maine, and in. Thyoides lives almost exclusively in freshwater wetlands and are considered an. It prefers habitats where the soil is saturated with water at least during the majority of the growing season.

The soils in these regions have a thick organic layer, often classified as a, with sandy material at greater depths and poor drainage. Atlantic white cedar wetlands are acidic and there is little oxygen stored in the soil because water has displaced the air. Plants that live in these environments must be specially adapted to such conditions. Though the tree is not listed as threatened, Atlantic white cedar wetlands are considered a globally threatened ecosystem, and often serve as because of their -building abilities. Ecology [ ] and trees are often found in the canopy along with Atlantic white cedar throughout its range. Mosses also often grow in these wetlands.

The caterpillar of the Hessel's Hairstreak butterfly feed exclusively on C. Thyoides, where its green color helps it to be. The trees themselves grow on, small mounds, with water pooling in the depressions surrounding them. This keep the tree from being underwater year-round and helps to protect from floods. The tree benefits from periodic low-intensity fires which expose to sunlight and limit competition with other canopy, particularly Red Maple. Too frequent or intense fires or flooding are damaging to seedlings stored in the top layer of soil and full-grown trees. Description [ ] C.

Thyoides is an usually growing to 20–28 m (but may grow up to 35 m) tall with an average diameter of 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in), up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and feathery foliage in moderately flattened sprays, green to blue-green in color. The are scale-like, 2–4 mm ( 3⁄ 32– 5⁄ 32 in) long, and produced in opposite pairs on somewhat flattened shoots; seedlings up to a year old have needle-like leaves. The tree is bare of branches for three-fourths of the height and the can be ash-gray to reddish brown.

Bark is smooth on juveniles, but mature trees have deep ridges and bark as thick as 5 cm (2 in). Thyoides is, so a single tree will carry both the pollen and seeds needed for reproduction in cones. The are, 4–9 mm ( 5⁄ 32– 11⁄ 32 in) diameter, with 6-10 scales (1-2 seeds per scale), green or purple, maturing to brown in 5–7 months after pollination. The pollen cones are yellow but turn brown as the tree matures, 1.5–3 mm ( 1⁄ 16– 1⁄ 8 in) long and 1–2 mm ( 1⁄ 32– 3⁄ 32 in) broad, releasing their yellow pollen once a year in spring. The tree begins bearing seeds at 4–5 years, but does not reach full maturity and start producing cones until it is 10-20 year olds.

Seeds are dispersed nearly every year and travel by wind. Height and diameter of the tree increase steadily until the tree is 50 years old, at which point height growth slows. Both height and diameter no longer increase once the tree is 100 years old. Stands are generally all younger than 200 years, though some trees as old as a 1000 years have been reported. Because they have relatively shallow roots, C. Thyoides are vulnerable to being blown over by wind.

Subspecies variation [ ] • C. Thyoides thyoides: Leaves and immature cones usually glaucous blue-green; cones mature to dark brown-black; facial leaves flat, not ridged, but with visible. Thyoides henryae: Leaves and immature cones green, not glaucous; cones mature to light brown; facial leaves with a longitudinal ridge with glands less obvious or absent.

Cultivation and uses [ ]. Foliage and seed cones C. Thyoides is of some importance in, with several of varying crown shape, growth rates and foliage color having been selected for garden planting. Named cultivars include 'Aurea' (yellow folliage), 'Heatherbun' (dwarf, purple in winter), 'Andelyensis' (dwarf, dense foliage), 'Ericoides' (juvenile foliage), and 'Glauca' (strongly glaucous foliage). In some locations, particularly, the tree is cultivated as a. Wood [ ] Its wood is considered hardy, as it is resistant to decay and warping in a variety of temperatures and moisture levels.

The most common use of white cedar wood is lumber, for which stands usually require 70 years of growth from to harvest. The lumber may be used in house construction, though scarcity of Atlantic white cedar makes it difficult to be used as the primary material. The wood was favored for use as roof shingles because it is lightweight, but has since been replaced by cheaper and more fire-resistant materials such as asphalt. The durability of the makes it popular for use as siding and paneling, and the less resistant sapwood has been used for interior finishes. White cedar lumber has also been used in, but this requires much older, larger trees. Is the greatest producer of lumber for boat construction because it has the greatest number of C.

Thyoides forests. Other uses include fencing, telephone and electric poles, woodenware,, lawn furniture, and as Christmas trees. Gallery [ ] •. • Conifer Specialist Group (1998).. Version 2006..

Retrieved 12 May 2006. • ^ Farjon, A.

Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. • ^ Rushforth, K. • Mylecraine KA; et al. 'Geographic allozyme variation in Atlantic white-cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (Cupresseceae)'. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34: 2443–2454..

USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service. (ARS), (USDA). Retrieved 12 December 2017.

• ^ Mylecraine KA; et al. 'Rangewide provenance variation in Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides): Early survival and growth in New Jersey and North Carolina plantations'.

Forest Ecology and Management. 216 (1): 91–104.. • ^ Laderman, AD (1989). 'The ecology of the Atlantic white cedar wetlands: a community profile'. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report.

• ^ Crawford ER; et al. 'Influence of environment and substrate quality on root decomposition in naturally regenerating and restored Atlantic white cedar wetlands'. 27 (1): 1–11.. • Bright, S; Charny, V; Howell, WM (2013). 'Butterflies: new records for Alabama'.

Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science. • Harlow, William Morehouse (1979). Textbook of Dendrology. McGraw-Hill, Inc. • Cope, EA; illustrated by Bent King (1986).

Native and Cultivated Conifers of Northeastern North America: a guide. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. • ^ Ward, Daniel (1989). 'Commercial Utilization of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides, Cuppressaceae)'. Economic Botany. 43 (3): 386–415... • Peattie, Donald Culross.

Archdale Drill Manual Of The Los Angeles here. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934 p31.