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Ladakh District headquarters of Leh District Coordinates:: Country Area • Total 86,904 km 2 (33,554 sq mi) Population (2011) • Total 274,289 • Density 3.2/km 2 (8.2/sq mi) Languages • Official,,,, (): JK10;: JK07 Main cities, 19% (1981) Website, Ladakh ('land of high passes') is a region in the Indian state of that currently extends from the to the main Great to the south, inhabited by people of and descent. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Jammu and Kashmir and its culture and history are closely related to that of. Ladakh is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and culture. Historically, the region included the () valleys (now mostly in ), the entire upper, the remote, to the south, much of including the region and in the east, in the northeast (extending to the ), and the to the north over in the Ladakh Range. Contemporary Ladakh borders to the east, the regions to the south, the Vale of, and regions to the west, and the southwest corner of across the in the far north. Is one of the disputed border areas between and.

It is administered by China as part of but is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh region of the state of. In 1962, China and India fought a over Aksai Chin and, but in 1993 and 1996 the two countries signed agreements to respect the. In the past Ladakh gained importance from its strategic location at the crossroads of important trade routes, but since the Chinese authorities closed the borders with Tibet and in the 1960s, international trade has dwindled except for tourism. Since 1974, the has successfully encouraged. Since Ladakh is a part of strategically important Jammu and Kashmir, the maintains a strong presence in the region.

The largest town in Ladakh is, followed. Almost half of Ladakhis are and the rest are mostly.

Some Ladakhi activists have in recent times called for Ladakh to be constituted as a because of perceived unfair treatment by Kashmir and Ladakh's cultural differences with predominantly Muslim Kashmir. Ladakh King reunited and strengthened Ladakh and founded the ( Namgyal means 'victorious' in several Tibetan languages.) which survives to today. The Namgyals repelled most Central Asian raiders and temporarily extended the kingdom as far as Nepal.

During the Balti invasion led by, many Buddhist temples and artifacts were damaged. According to some accounts after the Namgyals were defeated, Jamyang gave his daughter's hand in marriage to the victorious Ali. Ali took the king and his soldiers as captives. Jamyang was later restored to the throne by Ali and was then given the hand of a Muslim princess in marriage whose name was Gyal Khatun or Argyal Khatoom upon the condition that she would be the first queen and her son will become the next ruler. Historical accounts differ upon who her father was.

Some identify Ali's ally and Raja of Yabgo Shey Gilazi as her father, while others identify Ali himself as the father. In the early 17th century efforts were made to restore destroyed artifacts and gonpas by, the son of Jamyang and Gyal and the kingdom expanded into and. However, despite a defeat of Ladakh by the, who had already annexed Kashmir and Baltistan, it retained its independence. It appears that the Balti conquest of Laddakh took place in about 1594 AD which was the era of by Balti king.

Legends show that the Balti army obsessed with success advanced as far as, in the valley of Mansarwar Lake, and won the admiration of their enemies and friends. The Raja of Ladakh sued for peace and, since Ali Sher Khan's intention was not to annex Laddakh, he agreed subject to the condition that the village of and Gagra Nullah should be ceded to and he (the Laddakhi Raja) should pay annual tribute. This tribute was paid through the Gonpa (monastery) of Lama Yuru till the conquest of Laddakh. Hashmatullah records that the Head of the said Gonpa had admitted before him the payment of yearly tribute to Skardu Darbar till the Dogra conquest of Laddakh.

Islam begin to take root in the Leh area in the beginning of the 17th century after the Balti invasion and the marriage of Gyal to Jamyang. A large group of Muslim servants and musicians were sent along with Gyal to Ladakh and private mosques were built where they could pray. The Muslim musicians later settled in Leh. Several hundred Baltis migrated to the kingdom and according to oral tradition many Muslim traders were granted land to settle. Many other Muslims were invited over the following years for various purposes. In the late 17th century, Ladakh sided with in its dispute with Tibet which, among other reasons, resulted in its invasion by the. This event is known as the.

Kashmiri historians assert that the king converted to Islam in return for the assistance by Mughal Empire after this however Ladakhi chronicles do not mention such a thing. The king agreed to pay tribute to the Mughals in return for defending the kingdom. The Mughals however withdrew after being paid off by the. With the help of reinforcements from, of the, the Tibetans attacked again in 1684. The Tibetans were victorious and concluded a treaty with Ladakh then they retreated back to on December 1684.

The Treaty of Tingmosgang in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh but severely restricted Ladakh's independence. In 1834, the, a general of invaded and annexed Ladakh to the. After the defeat of the Sikhs in the, the province of Jammu and Kashmir was transferred to, to be ruled under as a. A Ladakhi rebellion in 1842 was crushed and Ladakh was incorporated into the Dogra state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Namgyal family was given the of, which it nominally retains to this day.

European influence began in Ladakh in the 1850s and increased. Geologists, sportsmen and tourists began exploring Ladakh.

In 1885, became the headquarters of a mission of the. Ladakh was claimed as part of Tibet by, a Tibetan Communist leader. At the time of the in 1947, the Dogra ruler signed the to India. Pakistani raiders had reached Ladakh and military operations were initiated to evict them. The wartime conversion of the pony trail from to by army engineers permitted tanks to move up and successfully capture the pass. The advance continued., Kargil and Leh were liberated and Ladakh cleared of the infiltrators.

In 1949, China closed the border between and, blocking old trade routes. In 1955 China began to build roads connecting Xinjiang and Tibet through this area. It also built the jointly with Pakistan. India built the during this period, cutting the journey time between Srinagar and Leh from 16 days to two.

The route, however, remains closed during the winter months due to heavy snowfall. Construction of a 6.5 km tunnel across Zoji La pass is under consideration to make the route functional throughout the year. The entire state of Jammu and Kashmir continues to be the subject of a between India, Pakistan and. [ ] Kargil was an area of conflict in the wars of, and and the focal point of a potential nuclear conflict during the in 1999.

The of 1999, codenamed 'Operation Vijay' by the, saw infiltration by Pakistani troops into parts of Western Ladakh, namely Kargil, Dras,, Batalik and Chorbatla, overlooking key locations on the. Extensive operations were launched in high altitudes by the Indian Army with considerable artillery and air force support. Pakistani troops were evicted from the Indian side of the which the Indian government ordered was to be respected and which was not crossed by Indian troops. The Indian government was criticized by the Indian public because India respected geographical co-ordinates more than India's opponents: Pakistan and China. In 1984 the area in the northernmost corner of Ladakh became the venue of a between India and Pakistan in the highest battleground in the world. The boundary here was not demarcated in the 1972 beyond a point named. In 1984 India occupied the entire Siachen Glacier and by 1987 the heights of the which borders the glacier to the west, with Pakistan troops in the glacial valleys and on the ridges just west of the Saltoro Ridge crest.

This status has remained much the same since, and a ceasefire was established in 2003. The Ladakh region was bifurcated into the Kargil and Leh districts in 1979. In 1989, there were violent riots between Buddhists and Muslims.

Following demands for autonomy from the dominated state government, the was created in the 1990s. And districts now each have their own locally elected Hill Councils with some control over local policy and development funds. In 1991, a was erected in Leh. There is a heavy presence of and forces in Ladakh. These forces and forces from China have, since the 1962, had frequent stand-offs along the Lakakh portion of the. The stand-off involving the most troops was in September 2014 in the disputed region when 800 to 1,000 Indian troops and 1,500 Chinese troops came into close proximity to each other. Geography [ ].

Main article: Ladakh is the highest plateau in the state of with much of it being over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). It extends from the to the Ranges and includes the upper valley. Historically, the region included the () valleys (now mostly in Pakistani administered part of ), the entire upper, the remote, to the south, much of including the region and in the east, in the northeast, and the to the north over in the Ladakh Range. Contemporary Ladakh borders to the east, the regions to the south, the Vale of, and regions to the west, and the southwest corner of across the in the far north. The historic but imprecise divide between Ladakh and the Tibetan Plateau commences in the north in the intricate maze of ridges east of including Aling Kangri and Mavang Kangri, and continues southeastward toward northwestern. Before partition,, now under Pakistani control, was a district in Ladakh. Was the winter capital of Ladakh while Leh was the summer capital.

The mountain ranges in this region were formed over 45 million years by the folding of the into the more stationary. The drift continues, causing frequent earthquakes in the Himalayan region. The peaks in the Ladakh Range are at a medium altitude close to the (5,000–5,500 m or 16,000–18,050 ft) and increase toward southeast, culminating in the twin summits of (7000 m or 23,000 ft). The Suru and Zanskar valleys form a great trough enclosed by the Himalayas and the. Is the highest inhabited region in the Suru valley, after which the valley rises to 4,400 m (14,400 ft) at, the gateway to Zanskar. Kargil, the only town in the Suru valley, is the second most important town in Ladakh.

It was an important staging post on the routes of the trade before 1947, being more or less equidistant, at about 230 kilometres from,, and. The Zangskar valley lies in the troughs of the Stod and the Lungnak rivers.

The region experiences heavy snowfall; the Pensi-la is open only between June and mid-October. And the form the western extremity of Ladakh. The Indus River is the backbone of Ladakh. Most major historical and current towns —,, and (but not Kargil), are close to the Indus River.

After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the stretch of the Indus flowing through Ladakh became the only part of this river, which is greatly venerated in the Hindu religion and culture, that still flows through India. The is in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border. The Karakoram Range forms a great watershed that separates China from the Indian subcontinent and is sometimes called the 'Third Pole.' The glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge immediately to the west and the main Karakoram Range to the east. At 76 km long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas. It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its source at on the China border down to 3,620 m (11,880 ft) at its snout.

Is the highest peak in the Saser Muztagh, the easternmost subrange of the Karakoram Range in India, Saser Kangri I having an altitude of 7,672 m (25,171 ft). Monthly average temperature in Leh The has no major peaks; its average height is a little less than 6,000 m (20,000 ft), and few of its passes are less than 5,000 m (16,000 ft). The runs parallel to the Ladakh Range for about 100 km northwest from along the southern shore of the.

Its highest point is about 6,700 m (22,000 ft) and the northern slopes are heavily glaciated. The region comprising the valley of the Shayok and Nubra rivers is known as Nubra. The Karakoram Range in Ladakh is not as mighty as in Baltistan.

The massifs to the north and east of the Nubra–Siachen line include the (highest point 7,245 m; 23,770 ft) the (highest point 7,385 m; 24,229 ft) and the (highest point 7,464 m; 24,488 ft) together with (7,526 m; 24,692 ft) and (7,202 m; 23,629 ft). North of the Karakoram lies the Kunlun. Thus, between Leh and eastern Central Asia there is a triple barrier — the Ladakh Range, Karakoram Range, and Kunlun. Nevertheless, a major trade route was established between Leh and. Ladakh is a high altitude desert as the Himalayas create a, generally denying entry to monsoon clouds.

The main source of water is the winter snowfall on the mountains. Recent flooding in the region (e.g., the ) has been attributed to abnormal rain patterns and retreating glaciers, both of which have been found to be linked to global climate change. The Leh Nutrition Project, headed by, also known as the 'Glacier Man', creates artificial glaciers as one solution for retreating glaciers.

The regions on the north flank of the Himalayas — Dras, the Suru valley and Zangskar — experience heavy snowfall and remain cut off from the rest of the region for several months in the year, as the whole region remains cut off by road from the rest of the country. Summers are short, though they are long enough to grow crops. The summer weather is dry and pleasant. Temperature ranges are from 3 to 35 in summer and minimums range from -20 to -35 in winter. Zanskar is the main river of the region along with its tributaries. The Zanskar gets frozen during winter and the famous takes place on this magnificent frozen river. Panorama [ ].

Main article: Vegetation is extremely sparse in Ladakh except along streambeds and wetlands, on high slopes, and in irrigated places. The first European to study the wildlife of this region was, an -, who carried out a massive expedition there in the 1870s. The fauna of Ladakh has much in common with that of in general and that of the in particular.

[ ] Exceptions to this are the birds, many of which migrate from the warmer parts of India to spend the summer in Ladakh. For such an arid area, Ladakh has a great diversity of birds — a total of 225 species have been recorded.

Many species of finches, robins, redstarts (like the ), and the are common in summer. [ ] The is seen in summer on the river Indus and on some lakes of the. Resident water-birds include the brahminy duck also known as the and the. The, a rare species found scattered in the Tibetan plateau, is also found in parts of Ladakh.

Other birds include the,,,, and. The and the are common raptors here specially in Changthang region. The endangered, Grus nigricollis, breeds in Ladakh. It is the state bird of Jammu and Kashmir. The or blue sheep is the most abundant mountain ungulate in the Ladakh region, although it is not found in some parts of Zangskar and Sham areas. The is a very elegant mountain goat that is distributed in the western part of Ladakh.

It is the second most abundant mountain ungulate in the region with a population of about 6000 individuals. Spectrasonics Omnisphere Air Keygen. It is adapted to rugged areas where it easily climbs when threatened.

The Ladakhi Urial is another unique mountain sheep that inhabits the mountains of Ladakh. The population is declining, however, and there are not more than 3000 individuals left in Ladakh. The urial is endemic to Ladakh, where it is distributed only along two major river valleys: the Indus and Shayok. The animal is often persecuted by farmers whose crops are allegedly damaged by it. Its population declined precipitously in the last century due to indiscriminate shooting by hunters along the Leh-Srinagar highway. The Tibetan argali or Nyan is the largest wild sheep in the world, standing 3.5 to 4 feet at the shoulder with the horn measuring 90–100 cm. It is distributed on the Tibetan plateau and its marginal mountains encompassing a total area of 2.5 million km2.

There is only a small population of about 400 animals in Ladakh. The animal prefers open and rolling terrain as it runs, unlike wild goats that climb into steep cliffs, to escape from predators. The endangered, known as chiru in Indian English, or Ladakhi tsos, has traditionally been hunted for its wool ( ) which is a natural fiber of the finest quality and thus valued for its light weight and warmth and as a. The wool of chiru must be pulled out by hand, a process done after the animal is killed. The fiber is smuggled into Kashmir and woven into exquisite shawls by Kashmiri workers. Ladakh is also home to the, which inhabits the vast rangelands in eastern Ladakh bordering Tibet. Kiang or The, or Tibetan wild ass, is common in the grasslands of Changthang, numbering about 2,500 individuals.

These animals are in conflict with the nomadic people of Changthang who hold the Kiang responsible for pasture degradation. There are about 200 in Ladakh of an estimated 7,000 worldwide. The in central Ladakh is an especially good habitat for this predator as it has abundant prey populations. The, is another rare cat that preys on smaller herbivores in Ladakh.

It is mostly found in Nubra, Changthang and Zangskar. The Pallas's cat, which looks somewhat like a house cat, is very rare in Ladakh and not much is known about the species. The, which sometimes preys on the livestock of the Ladakhis, is the most persecuted amongst the predators. There are also a few in the and the area around Dras. The has been discovered in this region. Among smaller animals,,, and several types of and are common.

Landform [ ] Scant precipitation makes Ladakh a high-altitude desert with extremely scarce vegetation over most of its area. Natural vegetation mainly occurs along water courses and on high altitude areas that receive more snow and cooler summer temperatures. Human settlements, however, are richly vegetated due to irrigation. Natural vegetation commonly seen along watercourses includes ( Hippophae spp.), wild roses of pink or yellow varieties, tamarisk ( Myricaria spp.),,, mint, Physochlaina praealta, and various grasses. Natural vegetation in unirrigated desert around Leh includes ( Capparis spinosa), floccosa, globe thistle ( cornigerus), gerardiana,, spp., several,, and several other succulents.

Trees grow wild in some locations and are usually considered sacred by Buddhists. [ ] Human settlements are marked by lush fields and trees, all irrigated with water from, springs, and rivers. [ ] Higher altitude villages grow barley, peas, and vegetables, and have one species of willow (called Drokchang in Ladakhi). [ ] Lower villages also grow wheat, alfalfa, mustard for oil, grapes, and a greater variety of vegetables. [ ] Cultivated trees in lower villages include apricots, apples, mulberries, walnuts,,, oleaster ( ), and several species of willow (difficult to identify, and local names vary).

And are found in the Nubra Valley, and one legendary specimen of white poplar grows in Alchi in the Indus Valley. Black locust ( ), and horse chestnut have been introduced since the 1990s. [ ] Government and politics [ ] was a district of the state of India until 1 July 1979 when it was divided into and. [ ] Each of these districts is governed by a Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, which is based on the pattern of the.

These councils were created as a compromise solution to the demands of Ladakhi people to make Leh a union territory. [ ] In October 1993, the Indian government and the State government agreed to grant each district of Ladakh the status of Autonomous Hill Council. This agreement was given effect by the.

The council came into being with the holding of elections in Leh District on 28 August 1995. The inaugural meeting of the council was held at Leh on 3 September 1995.

Kargil, later, adopted the Hill council in July 2003, when the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council — Kargil was established. The council works with village to take decisions on economic development, healthcare, education, land use, taxation, and local governance which are further reviewed at the block headquarters in the presence of the chief executive councilor and executive councilors. The government of Jammu and Kashmir looks after law and order, the judicial system, communications and the higher education in the region. Ladakh sends one member (MP) to the lower house of the the. The MP from Ladakh in the current Lok Sabha is a candidate from the (BJP). Street market in The land is irrigated by a system of channels which funnel water from the ice and snow of the mountains. The principal crops are and wheat.

Rice was previously a luxury in the Ladakhi diet, but, subsidised by the government, has now become a cheap staple. Naked barley (Ladakhi: nas, Urdu: grim) was traditionally a staple crop all over Ladakh. Growing times vary considerably with altitude. The extreme limit of cultivation is at, on the lake, at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), which has what are widely considered to be the highest fields in the world. A minority of Ladakhi people were also employed as merchants and caravan traders, facilitating trade in textiles, carpets, and between Punjab and. However, since the Chinese Government closed the borders with Tibet and Central Asia, this international trade has completely dried up.

Since 1974, the Indian Government has encouraged a shift in trekking and other tourist activities from the troubled region to the relatively unaffected areas of Ladakh. Although tourism employs only 4% of Ladakh's working population, it now accounts for 50% of the region's. This era is recorded in Arthur Neves The Tourist's Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh and Skardo, first published in 1911. Today, about 100,000 tourists visit Ladakh every year. Among the popular places of tourist interest include Leh, valley, Suru valley, Kargil,,,,,, Sani,,,, and several popular trek routes like - -, the and the Indus valley.

Astronomy [ ] The (NLST) is being set up in the Ladakh village of Merak near the lake by the, Government of India. Transport [ ]. A vehicle on the Himalaya Highway 3 There are about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) of roads in Ladakh of which 800 km (500 mi) are surfaced. The majority of roads in Ladakh are looked after by the. Ladakh was the connection point between Central Asia and South Asia when the was in use. The sixty-day journey on the Ladakh route connecting and Yarkand through eleven passes was frequently undertaken by traders till the third quarter of the 19th century. Another common route in regular use was the Kalimpong route between Leh and Lhasa via, the administrative centre of western Tibet.

Gartok could be reached either straight up the Indus in winter or through either the Taglang la or the Chang la. Beyond Gartok, the brought travelers to the and lakes, and then to Barka, which is connected to the main Lhasa road. These traditional routes have been closed since the Ladakh-Tibet border was sealed by the Chinese government.

Other routes connected Ladakh to and but, as in the previous case, there is no border crossing between Ladakh and Pakistan. In present times, the only two land routes to Ladakh in use are from and Manali. Travellers from Srinagar start their journey from Sonamarg, over the pass (3,450 m; 11,320 ft) via Dras and Kargil (2,750 m; 9,020 ft) passing through (3,700 m; 12,100 ft) and (4,100 m; 13,500 ft).

This has been the main traditional gateway to Ladakh since historical times and is now open to traffic from April or May until November or December every year. The newer route is the high altitude from. The highway crosses four passes, (3,978 m; 13,051 ft), (4,892 m; 16,050 ft), (5,059 m; 16,598 ft) and (5,325 m; 17,470 ft) and the and is open only between May and November when snow is cleared from the road.

[ ] There is one airport in Leh, from which there are daily flights to and weekly flights to Srinagar and Jammu. There are two airstrips at and for military transport. While an airport meant for civilian purpose at Kargil is used by the Indian Army. The airport is a political issue for the locals who argue that the airport should serve its original purpose, i.e., should open up for civilian flights. Since past few years the has been operating AN-32 air courier service to transport the locals during the winter seasons to, and. A private airplane company landed a 17-seater aircraft at the airport, in presence of dignitaries like the Chief Minister, marking the first ever landing by a civilian airline company at Kargil. Demographics [ ].

A Ladakhi woman in a traditional dress and hat People of Dard descent predominate in Dras and Dha-Hanu areas. The residents of the area, known as, are followers of Tibetan Buddhism and have preserved much of their original Dardic traditions and customs.

The Dards of Dras, however, have converted to and have been strongly influenced by their Kashmiri neighbours. The Mons are believed to be descendants of earlier Indian settlers in Ladakh, and traditionally worked as musicians, blacksmiths and carpenters.

The region's population is split roughly in half between the districts of and. 76.87% population of Kargil is Muslim, with a total population of 140,802, while that of Leh is 66.40% Buddhist, with a total population of 133,487, as per the 2011 census. A local woman, Ladakh The principal language of Ladakh is, a.

Educated Ladakhis usually know Hindi, Urdu and often English. Within Ladakh, there is a range of dialects, so that the language of the people may differ markedly from that of the in Kargil, or the Zangskaris, but they are all mutually comprehensible. Due to its position on important trade routes, the language of Leh is enriched with foreign words.

Traditionally, Ladakhi had no written form distinct from classical Tibetan, but a number of Ladakhi writers have started using the Tibetan script to write the colloquial tongue. Administrative work and education are carried out in English; although Urdu was used to a great extent in the past, now only land records and some police records are kept in Urdu. The total birth rate (TBR) in 2001 was 22.44, while it was 21.44 for Muslims and 24.46 for Buddhists. Brokpas had the highest TBR at 27.17 and Arghuns had the lowest at 14.25. TFR was 2.69 with 1.3 in Leh and 3.4 in Kargil.

For Buddhists it was 2.79 and for Muslims it was 2.66. Baltis had a TFR of 3.12 and Arghuns had a TFR of 1.66. The total death rate was 15.69, with Muslims having 16.37 and Buddhists having 14.32. Highest was for Brokpas at 21.74 and lowest was for Bodhs at 14.32. Population of Leh and Kargil districts Year Population Percent of change Females per 1000 males Population Percent of change Females per 1000 males 1951 40,484 — 1011 41,856 — 970 1961 43,587 0.74 1010 45,064 0.74 935 1971 51,891 1.76 1002 53,400 1.71 949 1981 68,380 2.80 886 65,992 2.14 853 2001 117,637 2.75 805 115,287 2.83 901 The sex ratio for Leh district declined from 1011 females per 1000 males in 1951 to 805 in 2001, while for Kargil district it declined from 970 to 901. The urban sex ratio in both the districts is about 640. The adult sex ratio reflects large numbers of mostly male seasonal and migrant labourers and merchants.

About 84% of Ladakh's population lives in villages. The average annual population growth rate from 1981 to 2001 was 2.75% in Leh District and 2.83% in Kargil district. In Ladakh Ladakhi culture is similar to.

Cuisine [ ] Ladakhi food has much in common with, the most prominent foods being (noodle soup) and, known in Ladakhi as ngampe (roasted barley flour). Edible without cooking, tsampa makes useful trekking food. A dish that is strictly Ladakhi is skyu, a heavy pasta dish with root vegetables. As Ladakh moves toward a cash-based economy, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common. As in other parts of Central Asia, tea in Ladakh is traditionally made with strong green tea, butter, and salt. It is mixed in a large churn and known as, after the sound it makes when mixed. Sweet tea ( cha ngarmo) is common now, made in the Indian style with milk and sugar.

Most of the surplus barley that is produced is fermented into chang, an alcoholic beverage drunk especially on festive occasions. Music and dance [ ] Traditional music includes the instruments surna and daman (shenai and drum). The music of Ladakhi Buddhist monastic festivals, like, often involves religious in as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Religious mask dances are an important part of Ladakh's cultural life., a leading centre of the tradition of Buddhism, holds an annual masked dance festival, as do all major Ladakhi monasteries.

The dances typically narrate a story of the fight between good and evil, ending with the eventual victory of the former. Weaving is an important part of traditional life in eastern Ladakh.

Both women and men weave, on different looms. Typical costumes include gonchas of velvet, elaborately embroidered waistcoats and boots and hats. See also: The most popular sport in Ladakh is, which is played only on natural ice generally mid-December through mid-February. Cricket is very popular. Archery is a traditional sport in Ladakh, and many villages hold archery festivals, which are as much about traditional dancing, drinking and gambling as about the sport. The sport is conducted with strict etiquette, to the accompaniment of the music of surna and daman ( and drum). Polo, the other traditional sport of Ladakh is indigenous to Baltistan and Gilgit, and was probably introduced into Ladakh in the mid-17th century by King Singge Namgyal, whose mother was a Balti princess.

Polo, popular among the Baltis with some support from financial heavyweights, is an annual affair in Drass region of District Kargil. Social status of women [ ]. A local woman carrying crops after a good summer harvest A feature of Ladakhi society that distinguishes it from the rest of the state is the high status and relative emancipation enjoyed by women compared to other rural parts of India.

Fraternal and inheritance by were common in Ladakh until the early 1940s when these were made illegal by the government of Jammu and Kashmir. However, the practice remained in existence into the 1990s especially among the elderly and the more isolated rural populations. Another custom is known as khang-bu, or 'little house', in which the elders of a family, as soon as the eldest son has sufficiently matured, retire from participation in affairs, yielding the headship of the family to him and taking only enough of the property for their own sustenance. The society is also both maternal and paternal, the tradition of where the groom comes to stay with the bride's family is not considered a taboo unlike the rest of India. Women enjoy a very high status in society, however, female participation in the politics of the region remains limited.

Traditional medicine [ ] has been the traditional health system of Ladakh for over a thousand years. This school of traditional healing contains elements of and, combined with the philosophy and of Tibetan Buddhism. For centuries, the only medical system accessible to the people have been the — traditional doctors following the Tibetan medical tradition. Medicine is an important component of public health to this day, especially in remote areas. Programmes by the government, local and international organisations are working to develop and rejuvenate this traditional system of healing. Efforts are underway to preserve the intellectual property rights of for the people of Ladakh.

The government has also been trying to promote the in the form of juice and jam, as it is believed to possess many medicinal properties. This is seen as a means of providing employment to self-help groups in rural Ladakh. Festivals [ ] Ladakh celebrates many famous festivals. One of the biggest and most popular is the festival. It is celebrated in June to commemorate the birth of Guru Padmasambhava.

In September, the Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Department with the help of local authorities organize the Ladakh Festival. The Government of Jammu and Kashmir organizes the Sindhu Darshan festival at Leh in May–June.

It is celebrated on the full moon day (Guru Poornima). [ ] Education [ ]. Traditionally there was little or nothing by way of formal education except in the monasteries. According to the 2001 census, the overall literacy rate in Leh District is 62% (72% for males and 50% for females), and in Kargil District 58% (74% for males and 41% for females).

Traditionally there was little or nothing by way of formal education except in the monasteries. Usually, one son from every family was obliged to master the Tibetan script in order to read the holy books. The Mission opened a school in Leh in October 1889, and the Wazir-i Wazarat ( ex officio Joint Commissioner with a British officer) of Baltistan and Ladakh ordered that every family with more than one child should send one of them to school. This order met with great resistance from the local people who feared that the children would be forced to convert to Christianity. The school taught Tibetan, Urdu, English, Geography, Sciences, Nature study, Arithmetic, Geometry and Bible study.

It is still in existence today. The first local school to provide western education was opened by a local Society called 'Lamdon Social Welfare Society' in 1973. Later, with support from and some international organisations, the school has grown to accommodate approximately two thousand pupils in several branches. It prides itself on preserving Ladakhi tradition and culture.

Schools are well distributed throughout Ladakh but 75% of them provide only primary education. 65% of children attend school, but absenteeism of both students and teachers remains high. In both districts the failure rate at school-leaving level () has for many years been around 50%. Before 1993, students were taught in Urdu until they were 14, after which the medium of instruction shifted to English. In 1994 the (SECMOL) launched Operation New Hope (ONH), a campaign to provide 'culturally appropriate and locally relevant education' and make government schools more functional and effective.

Memorial College, a government degree college enables students to pursue higher education without having to leave Ladakh. Carved stone tablets, each with the inscription ' along the paths of Zanskar The government radio broadcaster (AIR) and government television station have stations in Leh that broadcast local content for a few hours a day. Beyond that, Ladakhis produce feature films that are screened in auditoriums and community halls. They are often made on fairly modest budgets. There are a handful of private news outlets.

• Reach Ladakh Bulletin, a biweekly newspaper in English, is the only print media published by and for Ladakhis. • Rangyul or Kargil Number is a newspaper published from Kashmir covering Ladakh in English and Urdu. • Ladags Melong, an initiative of SECMOL, was published from 1992 to 2005 in English and Ladakhi. Some publications that cover Jammu and Kashmir as a whole provide some coverage of Ladakh.

• claims to be 'The largest circulated daily of Jammu and Kashmir'. • Epilogue, a monthly magazine covering Jammu and Kashmir. • Kashmir Times, a daily newspaper covering Jammu and Kashmir.

See also [ ] This article contains. Jeol Arm200f Manual Dexterity. Without proper, you may see, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. • • (book) • • • • • • • • • • In popular culture [ ] The last scene in (Tamil Movie) is filmed in Ladakh.

[ ] Notes [ ]. • This excludes (37,555 km 2), under Chinese administration. • He mentions twice a people called Dadikai, first along with the Gandarioi, and again in the catalogue of king 's army invading Greece. Herodotus also mentions the gold-digging ants of Central Asia.

• In the 1st century, Pliny repeats that the Dards were great producers of gold. • Ptolemy situates the Daradrai on the upper reaches of the Indus • See Petech, Luciano. The Kingdom of Ladakh c. 950–1842 A.D., Istituto Italiano per il media ed Estremo Oriente, 1977. Describes a journey from Ch'u-lu-to (Kuluta, ) to Lo-hu-lo (), then goes on saying that 'from there to the north, for over 2000, the road is very difficult, with cold wind and flying snow'; thus one arrives in the kingdom of Mo-lo-so, or Mar-sa, synonymous with Mar-yul, a common name for Ladakh. Elsewhere, the text remarks that Mo-lo-so, also called San-po-ho borders with Suvarnagotra or Suvarnabhumi (Land of Gold), identical with the Kingdom of Women ( Strirajya). According to Tucci, the Zan-zun kingdom, or at least its southern districts were known by this name by the 7th century Indians.

• All of Indian Ladakh is placed in high risk Zone VIII, while areas from Kargil and Zanskar southwestward are in lower risk zones • Census was not carried out in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 due to militancy References [ ] Citations [ ].